<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>What sets Stemnovate apart is our commitment to next-generation cell line authentication and to supporting researchers. We uniquely combine NGS-STR profiling with custom data services, delivering unparalleled accuracy and traceability for every cell line we provide. Our subscription package ensures researchers have continuous access to expert support and quality assurance, not just at the point of purchase but throughout the entire research lifecycle. This integrated approach is at the forefront of cell line validation, empowering researchers with confidence in the authenticity and reproducibility of their results.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>STR (Short Tandem Repeat) profiling</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling is the gold standard for human cell line authentication. It ensures reproducibility by verifying cell identity and detecting cross-contamination.&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>STR with Next-Generation Sequencing&nbsp;is an advanced alternative to traditional capillary electrophoresis (CE) for cell line authentication. It offers greater sensitivity for detecting cross-contamination and provides complete sequence information for repeat motifs, which size-based analysis cannot achieve.</div>
<ul>
<li>Superior Sensitivity:&nbsp;STR-NGS detects minor cell line contaminants at ratios as low as&nbsp;1:200 (0.5%), while conventional CE typically detects mixtures only at 1:5 or 1:10 (10&ndash;20%).</li>
<li>Sequence-Level Resolution:&nbsp;Unlike CE, which measures only fragment length, sequencing identifies single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and internal sequence variations within STR repeats.</li>
<li>Advanced characterisation at Stemnovate delivers comprehensive&nbsp;information on cell line origin, genotyping accuracy (85%-100%), and isoallele resolution to confirm sample identity. In comparison to conventional approaches, this level of detail ensures greater certainty in cell line identification and significantly enhances the reliability of research outcomes.</li>
</ul>

Primary cells and immortalised or continuous cell lines are essential for basic and preclinical research. However, misidentified cell lines pose a significant risk to scientific reproducibility(Soren et al., 2022). The HeLa cell case illustrates these consequences. Derived from Henrietta Lacks in the 1950s, HeLa cells spread rapidly across laboratories, but a lack of authentication compromised research results.

&nbsp;
<a href="https://youtu.be/bjOX1Ujnc3o?si=Stmxw-WxYJdUXLfR" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Check out our YouTube channel!</a>
<h4 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata"><a style="color: rgb(230, 126, 35);" title="Stemnovate Mitochondrial Diseases Research-Alpers Huttenlocher Syndrome" href="https://youtu.be/Z1jl-U-BkME?si=tCkFvx3iieHagV8E">Stemnovate Mitochondrial Diseases Research-Alpers Huttenlocher Syndrome: Click here to watch.</a></h4>
Children Rare Diseases Research and Development Platform
Millions of children around the world suffer from rare and life-threatening diseases, which can be devastating for them and their families. However, there is hope. Our goal is to discover treatments and cures for rare diseases. We aim to provide innovative approaches to researching rare diseases in children with the hope of progressing treatment options for children with rare diseases.
&nbsp;
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-021-02153-0">The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) </a>mandates promoting and protecting children's human rights worldwide, specifically their access to treatment. However, funding and research for children's treatment is less due to the rarity of childhood diseases. Despite affecting only a tiny percentage of children, rare diseases occur in 3 to 6% of the population, with about 70% beginning in childhood. The emotional and financial burden that rare diseases place on families, particularly parents, is significant. Addressing these issues and prioritising funding and research to treat rare childhood diseases is crucial.
In 2024, Stemnovate took a significant step forward in revolutionising research and development for rare diseases that impact children. Our state-of-the-art platform is powered by advanced stem cell research, tissue engineering, and data integration, providing researchers with an impartial and ethical space. The primary objective of our platform is to provide researchers with comprehensive data to gain new insights. Stemnovate's partnership with pharmaceutical companies is a ray of hope for children fighting rare diseases. Our commitment to reducing animal testing and contributing to a sustainable future makes us unique.
&nbsp;
We're dedicating our efforts to making breakthroughs in two critical areas:&nbsp;liver diseases in children&nbsp;and&nbsp;neurological diseases and pain. Our mission is to help improve the lives of children and their families, and we're committed to pushing the boundaries of what's possible in these areas.&nbsp;
Your support can make a significant impact. By supporting Children's Rare Diseases Research and Development, you can help accelerate progress towards finding a cure and improving the lives of those affected. Let's work together to make a positive impact and give these children the chance they deserve.
&nbsp;
<a href="https://youtu.be/6qT-bBLu4cc?si=hiO878jb-jsZMHyW" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Keep up with our campaigns and volunteer opportunities for rare diseases by following us on social media and checking out our YouTube channel!</a>
&nbsp;

By furnishing a&nbsp;comprehensive and dependable source of multi-omics data, we present a fresh&nbsp;perspective on the role of mitochondria in various health conditions, including&nbsp;rare diseases, neurodegenerative, heart, liver diseases and cancers. Our&nbsp;commitment to this mission is evident in our streamlined approach to data&nbsp;collection, analysis, and interpretation, significantly reducing the time and&nbsp;resources needed for groundbreaking research. The platform's unique capabilities, such as efficient library preparation and in-house processing and&nbsp;advanced bioinformatics, make it a valuable resource for researchers in rare&nbsp;diseases, offering new insights and potential solutions to complex health&nbsp;conditions.

The Stemnovate Mitochondrial Data Platform is a pioneering tool in the field and is&nbsp;uniquely tailored to expedite research on rare diseases.

Millions of children around the world suffer from rare and life-threatening diseases, which can be devastating for them and their families.&nbsp;
<h3><a style="color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(22, 145, 121);" title="https://stemnovate.co.uk/campaign/volunteer-for-alpers" href="https://stemnovate.co.uk/campaign/volunteer-for-alpers">Register Now&nbsp;</a></h3>

Stemnovate's pioneering platform is revolutionizing drug discovery and disease modelling with its innovative 'one medicine' concept. This is the future of healthcare innovation, offering unparalleled features.

<h2 class="text-white font-weight-bold">&nbsp;</h2>
<div class="ps-section__desc mx-2">
Applications
&nbsp;
DNA synthesis has the potential to revolutionise the fields of drug discovery, biotechnology, nanotechnology and oligonucleotide synthesis.
&nbsp;
Drug Discovery
&nbsp;
The applications are varied, including RNA therapy, antibody research and vaccine development.
&nbsp;
Biotechnology
&nbsp;
DNA synthesis helps facilitate drug bio-production, biofuel research, crop production and research for food security.
&nbsp;
Nanotechnology
&nbsp;
DNA synthesis is being explored for novel DNA data storage and nano-material discoveries.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</div>
<div class="ps-section__desc mx-2" style="text-align: center;">Platform Features</div>
<div class="ps-section__desc mx-2" style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</div>
<div class="ps-section__desc mx-2" style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;</div>

Stemnovate is soon introducing a microfluidic platform for DNA synthesis. This disruptive technology allows template-free DNA/RNA synthesis that can potentially accelerate the development of new therapeutics in the pharmaceutical sector, e.g. antibody research, drug bio-production and RNAi based therapeutics. This microfluidic platform technology overcomes the current limitations of DNA synthetic technology.

&nbsp;
Predictive modeling plays a pivotal role in the development of personalized therapies, drug repurposing, and drug discovery. By integrating diverse data types, including imaging, cell and tissue engineering, and transcriptomics, researchers can gain a holistic understanding of biological systems and discover new drugs cost effectively.
<a href="https://youtu.be/2hO7-VOXmBE?si=LL5-JtYYwXA89tyF">Discover our next-generation drug discovery by clicking the link below. Don&rsquo;t forget to subscribe to our channel and connect with us on social media for the latest updates and insights.</a>

We are revolutionizing drug discovery to make it faster, safer, and more cost-effective, with a patient-centred approach at the core of our mission.

&nbsp;
Stemnovate integrates stem cell research, molecular science, and tissue engineering to develop disease models. We maintain a unique biobank of cells and stem cells that reflects human diversity. Our patient cells are sourced in accordance with compliance, ethical standards, and informed consent. We study diseases in vitro, conducting in-depth genetic analyses and employing tissue engineering to recreate and examine cell physiology in the laboratory, along with assays for multiparametric analysis.

Stemnovate's unique, patient-centric approach is revolutionizing disease modeling with its innovative technology platforms.

<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>While this test is valuable, it necessitates painful animal sacrifice, which can be avoided. We are offering a multiparametric analysis of stem cell lines as an alternative to teratoma experiments: 1. Stem Cell Line RNA Sequencing: We can characterised cell lines based on their transcriptome. Through bioinformatics analysis, we thoroughly investigate their stemness compared to three established embryonic stem cell lines (source: National Institute of Biological Standards). 2. Directed Differentiation: Within 15 to 20 days, we can assess the potential of stem cell lines to form derivatives of all three germ layers. Our protocols do not use any animal-derived products and are serum-free. 3. Organoid Culture: This method helps establish the organisational abilities of the stem cells, complemented by gene and protein expression analysis. 4. Cost-Effective Solution: Our approach is more economical than traditional teratoma experiments. By adopting this advanced analysis, we can advance research while minimizing ethical concerns related to animal testing.</div>

&nbsp;
<h3>Replacing Teratoma Experiments: Science for Compassion</h3>
<h3>Teratoma formation is currently considered the gold standard for establishing the pluripotency of stem cell lines, which refers to their ability to differentiate into various cell types from all three germ layers.</h3>
<a style="color: rgb(224, 62, 45);" href="https://stemnovate.co.uk/contact-us" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Request a quote</a>

We are revolutionizing drug discovery to make it faster, safer, and more cost-effective, with a patient-centered approach at the core of our mission.
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Currently, fewer than one in 10,000 potential drug compounds successfully makes it to clinical use, underscoring the complexity of the drug discovery process. We are dedicated to changing this outcome.

&nbsp;
The potential to grow and maintain any cell type of interest has excellent clinical value, creating the opportunity to develop a scalable and functional cell source for ex vivo cell therapy development, and explore novel therapeutic modalities.
Unfortunately, generating induced pluripotent stem cells can often be a costly and time-consuming process.
Stemnovate offers custom reprogramming services, saving you the time which can be better spent performing valuable research experiments.
&nbsp;
<h2 class="p-1 text-center font-weight-bold">More Information</h2>
Cellular reprogramming involves transient expression of inducible genes to generate stable lines. The stable IPSC lines are selected through stringent pluripotency characterisation and the ability of cells to differentiate into derivatives of three germ layers.
Cell fates during development are neither restrictive nor irreversible. Pluripotent cells can form all somatic lineages.
Cellular reprogramming has multiple applications: we can now convert a patient's blood cells to study any organ's disease process; cellular reprogramming could also be used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of newly developed drugs on human patient cells, or test drugs that might have side effects in only a small subpopulation of patients in a personalised manner before administration.
Stemnovate has a commercial license for IPS technology, and with that, we have molecular design and analysis capability for efficient reprogramming.

We provide the best human cell models for drug discovery and disease modelling using cellular reprogramming. The ethical method uses adult skin or blood cells donated by volunteers and is core to our biobank, reflecting human diversity in age, gender, and ethnicity.
Cellular reprogramming unleashes endless possibilities within drug development and research. It directs cellular identity to produce a therapeutically valuable cell type.

It is well known that stem cell culture over a long time can result in genetic instability. For your research to move forward confidently, you must be able to monitor your cell culture for genomic integrity quickly and continuously.

&nbsp;
The human population has four races,&nbsp;white/Caucasian, Mongoloid/Asian, Negroid/Black, and Australoid. There is not only a difference in hair and skin but also interindividual variability in drug metabolism. The Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes primarily contribute to these differences. There are several gene variants but the primary genes included in drug labelling are limited to&nbsp;CYP2C9,&nbsp;CYP2C19, and&nbsp;CYP2D6.
The CYP2D6 enzyme metabolises about 25% of clinically used drugs, including anti-depressants, antipsychotics, antihypertensives, and analgesics.&nbsp;
Stemnovate provides genotype studies for CYP1A1, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4.
&nbsp;
<a href="https://youtu.be/uQ1Vz8QgfQs?si=HVf26hbaXx6BXpGW" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Discover our genotyping by clicking the link below. Don&rsquo;t forget to subscribe to our channel and connect with us on social media for the latest updates and insights.</a>

A genotyping analysis attempts to untangle the complex relationships between genotypes and phenotypes.

<h2 class="p-1 text-white font-weight-bold">&nbsp;</h2>
<div class="ps-section__desc mx-2">
Compliant &amp; Ethical Biobanking
&nbsp;
When you request sourcing from Stemnovate, you can be confident that our process is simple, compliant, and ethical. We strictly adhere to the guidelines set by the Human Tissue Authority in the United Kingdom, ensuring that our operations meet the highest standards of ethical practice.
&nbsp;
At Stemnovate, we prioritize compliance and source cells only from living donors who provide full informed consent. This approach guarantees the ethical integrity of our biobank and offers donors a meaningful opportunity to contribute to scientific research. Ethical considerations in biobanking are paramount to us, and we are dedicated to maintaining a high-quality, ethical biobank. Our commitment to these standards ensures you can trust our services' quality and moral nature.
&nbsp;
Explore Our Biobank
&nbsp;
Our inventory includes a variety of induced pluripotent stem cells, each characterized by unique features such as pluripotency, stability, karyotype, and genotype. These cells can differentiate into any cell type in the body, making them a valuable resource for various research applications.
&nbsp;
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
&nbsp;
Multispecies Biobanking
&nbsp;
Our commitment to reducing animal testing is unwavering. In addition to human cells, we have a multispecies biobank for animal cells. We collaborate with veterinarians to ensure the ethical sourcing of animal cells, which pet owners donate during routine surgeries. This process, under the guidance of a veterinarian and a proper tissue donation process, ensures that our processes harm no animals. We have also developed in vitro models to replace and refine animal testing, demonstrating our dedication to ethical practices.
&nbsp;
Check Out Our Multispecies Biobank
&nbsp;
<a style="color: rgb(53, 152, 219);" href="https://stemnovate.co.uk/Products/Biobanking/Primary-Cells-Animal">Primary Animal cells</a>
&nbsp;
We offer custom sourcing through a user-friendly online process. 
Fill in your requirements and our team will contact you.
<h2 class="text-white">&nbsp;</h2>
<h2 class="text-white"><a style="color: rgb(53, 152, 219);" title="https://share.hsforms.com/12uKLLajnT52galA2Nooq-g38yge" href="https://share.hsforms.com/12uKLLajnT52galA2Nooq-g38yge">Bio-sourcing Request Form</a></h2>
&nbsp;
<h5><a href="https://youtu.be/QElNtGz6kQM?si=r6AmTHai2OalRNaa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Discover our Biobank by clicking the link below. Don&rsquo;t forget to subscribe to our channel and connect with us on social media for the latest updates and insights.</a></h5>
</div>

Stemnovate Biobank stands out with its diverse collection of human cells, encompassing both genders and a wide range of ethnicities. Not only are we recognized for providing high-quality cells, but our research and development technology can also help save time and costs, ensuring successful outcomes. Furthermore, our collaborations with top-tier pharmaceutical companies and the world's leading research institutes enable the acceleration of new technology and applications.

All cells are derived from stem cells and obtain their functions as they mature. Cell differentiation is how progenitor cells change their functional or phenotypical type.
Interestingly, the differentiation process alters the cell's shape, size, and energy requirements.
We use mechanical and chemical stimuli to direct IPSC to the liver, heart, neurons, bone and muscle cells, to name a few.
&nbsp;
<h2 class="p-1 text-center font-weight-bold">More Information</h2>
<div>
Our differentiation processes are guided by several years of research, in-depth understanding of principles of development, advanced gene and protein expression studies along with novel methods of microengineering and computational data analysis.
 
Stemnovate has established protocols that have higher efficiency of differentiation as well as reproducibility. This saves effort reinventing the wheel and ensures efficiency for the application development.
 
You can request a quote to learn more about our application development.
</div>

Cell differentiation is known as a process in which cells become specialized. Stem cells have the potential to become any cell type at the beginning, but this capability is slowly lost as the cell differentiates and gains unique functions.&nbsp;

&nbsp;
Whole transcriptomics
RNA-seq is a powerful tool that can be utilized to analyze and provide an unbiased transcriptome profile. This tool ultimately empowers researchers with the ability to determine cellular functionality and gene expression during or after an experimental study. Stemnovates WTS features;
<ol>
<li>
1. Exome analysis for nucleotide sequence capture and quantitative gene expression.
</li>
<li>
2. Metatranscriptomics study for species identification and taxonomic classification and microbe quantification.
</li>
<li>
3. Discovery of novel Biomarkers inferred from in-depth bioinformatic analysis and computational modeling.
</li>
<li>
4. Chromosomal -loci gene expression report and human gender identification.
</li>
</ol>
&nbsp;
<h2 class="p-1 font-weight-bold">Bioinformatics</h2>
Stemnovate's Bioinformatic platform provides a robust computational analysis of biological data. Stemnovate harnesses an interdisciplinary approach integrating biological data sets with advanced mathematical analysis and computational science to capture and interpret complex data. Our platform is already being used by industry and academia for new drug discovery and understanding diseases of the heart, liver and sensory systems in the body. Some bioinformatic workflow include :
<ol>
<li>
1. Computational modeling for co-expression and fusion -fission events.
</li>
<li>
2. Gene signaling network.
</li>
<li>
3. Protein-protein interaction network
</li>
<li>
4. Phylogenetic profile occurrence.
</li>
</ol>
&nbsp;
<h2 class="p-1 text-center font-weight-bold">Genotyping</h2>
The genotype is the genetic makeup of a cell, organism or individual with reference to a particular characteristic. The DNA variants are shown to modulate protein function, and hence drug response, through multiple mechanisms. Genetic polymorphism for cytochrome 450 (P450) enzymes leads to interindividual variability in the plasma concentrations of many drugs. In some cases, P450 genotype results in decreased enzyme activity and an increased risk for adverse drug effects. In other cases, P450 genotype may influence the dose of a drug required to achieve a desired effect.
&nbsp;
<h3 class=" font-weight-bold">How Genotyping influences Drug Discovery?</h3>
Human population reveals differences in drug metabolism and response. <a class="reference-website" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14618296/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The poor metabolizers with absent cytochrome P450CYP2D6 are found in 5&ndash;10% of European and African populations, but are less common in Asian subjects.</a>

Stemnovate provides whole genome transcriptomics as a service. This invaluable tool provides an unprecedented coverage and depth into the transcriptional regulation of cells. The platform utilises high accuracy for both long and short reads. We provide bioinformatics to reveal gene signalling networks and novel transcript signalling pathways.

Our unique platform operates with highly efficient, data-driven processes. These processes, which utilize high-resolution images, genomic profiles, biological data, and molecular and metabolite profiles, are designed to significantly benefit your drug discovery and toxicology research. By correlating, assimilating, and connecting this data at a rapid pace, we aid in discovering patterns, thereby accelerating your study and increasing the likelihood of successful outcomes.
&nbsp;
Our ambition to automate toxicity prediction is not just a technological advancement. It's a potential game-changer for precision drug discovery, with the power to revolutionize the industry and make precision medicine a reality.
&nbsp;
Platform Features
Stemnovate is a leader in the field, with a team of experts who are not just capable, but also passionate about designing experiments and microengineering bespoke solutions to enhance the repeatability of complex cell cultures. Our team's expertise ensures that your research is in the best hands. Once a methodology is optimized, the process can be set for reproducibility and automation.
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Our platform is dedicated to supporting projects in achieving a higher standard of accuracy. We do this by evaluating biocompatibility and tolerance, ensuring that your research is of the highest quality.
&nbsp;
Stemnovate In Vitro Toxicology 
Stemnovate's in vitro toxicology assays utilize primary cells or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells, such as heart, liver, and neuronal cells, in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the toxic properties of compounds and mixtures. These assays provide accurate results and eliminate the need for animal testing, aligning with ethical research practices.
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We develop assays to examine the toxicity of xenobiotics at the cellular level, replacing animal testing, which often fails to represent human physiological responses due to species differences accurately.
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Quality Control&nbsp;&nbsp;
We provide various quality tests to evaluate the quality of cell products. These tests employ advanced bioinformatics along with gene and protein expression analysis. Our quality control measures include testing for:
&nbsp;
- Mycoplasma
- Human viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2, HBV, HCV)
- Animal species-specific viruses
- Mycobacterium

Stemnovate in vitro testing platform simulates the liver, heart and neuronal cell response to evaluate predictable and unpredictable toxins over the breadth of the genetically diverse human population.&nbsp;

IN 2020 IN GREAT BRITAIN, 2.88 MILLION PROCEDURES INVOLVED LIVING ANIMALS.&nbsp;But over half, 53% of experimental testing, was for basic research focusing on the immune system, nervous system and cancers.
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<iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/S1xjv0l4hrw?si=Ybjm_0nf1W3JsrGf" width="560" height="314" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe>

In 2014 the first functional neurons were reported from horses by Sharma et al. Now, our CEO Dr Ruchi leads an industrial partnership creating multi-species neuronal models. These are significant as they provide an alternative to animal testing and would be game-changing for pain management and finding new anaesthetics for veterinary applications. However, the method used for reprogramming stem cells from animal species needs optimisation for cellular therapies, differentiation, and veterinary applications.
 <a class="font-weight-bold" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140304125833.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Read MoreRead more about the scientific discovery on ScienceDaily</a>
The industrial applications include novel modelling of the brain, liver, and heart for multi-species modelling, replacing in vivo animal testing.

Our team has over ten years of experience creating unique stem cell models that can reduce animal testing.

However, It requires a laboratory assay that consists of injecting cells under mice's skin, allowing cells to differentiate spontaneously and is a determinant of stemness and capability to form multiple cell types. We have integrated stem cell research with tissue engineering, advanced imaging, and molecular analysis, allowing similar data to be generated in the laboratory without animal experiments. This technology further allows fast turnaround, saving costs and unnecessary experimentation.

Stem cells hold great potential for cellular therapies, drug discovery and disease modelling.

However, as there is little alternative, animal testing continues.
We are creating new laboratory models to study complex diseases for which it is difficult to obtain human cells, for instance, new treatment development for hearing loss. Neurodegeneration is a common cause of hearing loss. Nevertheless, there are no treatments available. That is why research should focus on novel therapies. Traditionally, foetal mice are sacrificed to obtain the necessary sensory neurons to investigate the disease mechanism.
We are actively working on creating sensory neurons to model hearing loss and encourage research. We initially partnered with Prof Bence at the University of Cambridge to develop a proof of principle, followed by a multinational partnership to explore new methods to create sensory neurons. This first of its kind project can benefit not only patients but could also replace foetal mice usage for research.

Animal models often fail to predict human responses due to interspecies differences.

Pioneering Animal Stem Cell Technology.
We are creating first in class models for dogs, cats, cows, horses and pigs.
Animal research has been an essential contributor to improved human health. We owe several vaccinations and understanding of diseases and treatments to animal sacrifices. But there is an urgent need to reconsider and reduce animal testing.

<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>In the UK, research involving cats is subject to strict regulations, reserved only for the most critical studies of the nervous and immune systems, or for essential medicine safety testing. Yet even with these controls, in 2024, there were still 82 procedures involving 35 cats.&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>We are committed to ending the need for animal testing. But to truly make a difference, the scientific community needs a reliable, reproducible, and thoroughly validated model system&mdash;one that earns the trust of regulators and researchers alike.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Today, we offer a real, actionable alternative to neuroscience research on cats. Our pioneering neuronal model, developed using a ground-breaking non-integrating, virus-free method&mdash;the first in the world&mdash;sets a new standard for humane and advanced research.&nbsp;Using tissue obtained ethically from routine veterinary procedures, we reprogrammed cells to generate induced pluripotent stem cells. The cat returns home&mdash;healthy, playful, and unharmed&mdash;while its cells help advance science for countless others.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>The cells in our lab acquired the ability to form several cell types.&nbsp;We know this because we conducted in-depth gene analysis using the most advanced sequencing method, studying thousands of genes.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>The feline laboratory stem cells have been in our lab for years now.&nbsp;Further, we directed these to become neurons and then characterised them again. But for any model to be effective, it should function, and neurons are of &nbsp;multiple types with unique properties that depend on the kinds of neurons that have been formed.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>The cats are usually used for sensory function studies, so we created peripheral sensory neurons.&nbsp; As this process is virus-free, it can also be run in parallel to study infectious diseases. And data are made more robust through metagenomic analysis, which uses sequencing to analyze diverse microbes and their cellular functional interactions.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Today, we unveil the world&rsquo;s first feline data platform that doesn&rsquo;t just mine old data, but generates real-time, robust, and reproducible information&mdash;empowering researchers to make confident, ethical choices.&nbsp;We have commercially provided feline stem cell-derived neuronal technology to a leading animal health company, and now, as a data platform, it is accessible to the wider community.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Generation of cell lines is expensive because it is niche, requires advanced methods for reprogramming, characterisation with sequencing, bioinformatics, and computation, and that all takes time.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Now, researchers can accelerate their work with immediate access to our living models&mdash;exploring complex interactions and progressing discoveries faster than ever, all while advancing a humane approach to science.&nbsp;And as this model has been developed and studied commercially over the years, you can explore in-depth science with us and contribute to new drug discovery for both humans and animals.</div>

Stemnovate Animal Data Platform: A Humane Path Beyond Cat Testing for Neuroscience.
<h3><a href="https://stemnovate.co.uk/contact-us" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Request a quote</a></h3>

&nbsp;
Stemnovate&rsquo;s breed identification platform highlights
1. Microsatellite and SNP profiling of cell line. 2. Breed identification and percentage composition at a high accuracy.
&nbsp;
FAQ BREED IDENTIFICATION
&nbsp;
What is a Microsatellite and Single Nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?
Microsatellites or Short tandem repeats (STRs) are DNA sequences that have a repetitive unit of 1-6base pairs which forms lengths of up to 150 nucleotides. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) is a genomic variant at a single base position in the DNA. SNPs are biological markers that can be used to locate genes. STRs and SNPs are widely spread throughout the genome and are located in the coding and noncoding regions of DNA. They vary slightly among chromosomes e.g. in humans, chromosome 19 has the highest density of STRs. STRs play an important role in forensic science, evolutionary biology, population genetics, QLT mapping, evolutionary genetic and pathogenesis.
&nbsp;
2.Why is breed identification important?
Breed identification can be used to assess breeding history and breed purity of specific animal breeds. It also helps in safeguarding the rights of consumers and producers to prevent the sale and consumption of adulterated products (Dalvit et al., 2007; Sentandreu &amp;amp; Sentandreu, 2014). It also helps with the traceability and conservation efforts of target breeds of interest.
&nbsp;
3. How does it work?
High molecular weight DNA is isolated from the cell line and the genomic DNA (gDNA) is enzymatically digested and tagged with sequencing adaptors on the 5&rsquo; phosphate end and 3&rsquo; hydroxyl group end of the gDNA. &nbsp;Barcoded adapter tagged gDNAs are then transferred to a flowcell for accurate long read sequencing and basecalling. Nucleotide raw reads which can&nbsp;be in either a FASTQ, FASTA or BAM format are computationally assembled and analysed for&nbsp;STR and SNP markers. Detected biomarker polynucleotide regions are ascribed to reference genome database of target breeds at a high accuracy and confidence level.
&nbsp;
4. How long does it take to obtain a result?
Turnaround time (TAT) is 6-8 working days

Stemnovate has recently introduced a new service for businesses and researchers working in animal health. This service offers advanced breed identification and bioinformatics to determine breed and gender accurately. Our breed identification service can provide the answers you need to comprehend species' and animal breeds' unique characteristics. Improved understanding can lead to better treatment for your furry friend. Take advantage of this opportunity to learn more - contact us today!

Digital Karyotyping-Animal species DNA Testing

&nbsp;
The primary focus of technology is obtaining detailed information on chromosomal structural variance (SVs) to identify genomic abnormalities, including deletion, insertion, duplication, and inversion events, without any bias.
&nbsp;
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Animal-Based Digital Karyotyping:
&nbsp;
1.&nbsp;What is the animal digital karyotyping platform?
For animal cell line analysis, Stemnovate uses a digital karyotyping tool that screens and identifies structural chromosomal variations such as deletion, duplication, insertion, and translocation changes at the genome level. This platform provides unprecedented access to crucial genetic information for studying cell line stability in cultures, animal diseases and modelling.
&nbsp;
2.&nbsp;Why is karyotyping important?
Karyotyping detects the chromosomal integrity of cell lines. It's crucial as culturing can compromise it. Factors like cultural media composition conditions can affect cells. It is valuable for identifying animal diseases and structural variations in the animal genome that have applications in animal health drug discovery and breeding.
&nbsp;
3. How does it work?
We culture cells and isolate DNA from cell lines subjected to sequencing, followed by bioinformatic analysis to detect changes in the genetic makeup.
&nbsp;
4. What animal species can be analysed?
We analyse pigs, cats, dogs, horses, chickens, mice, cows, Sheep and C.elegans and zebrafish.&nbsp;Stemnovate is expanding its animal-based platform to include a broader collection of other animal species.
&nbsp;
5. What is required for the animal digital karyotyping test?
We typically require 1 million cells in a frozen pellet format. We can also culture cells if repeat analysis is required to study batch stability and variations.
&nbsp;
6. How long does it take to obtain a result?
The turnaround time is 9-11 working days. It can be customised to meet specific requirements.
&nbsp;
<a href="https://youtu.be/9Halo8PV20U?si=CIRc5EtsklTz18CL" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Discover our Digital Karyotyping for Animal species by clicking the link below. Don&rsquo;t forget to subscribe to our channel and connect with us on social media for the latest updates and insights.</a>

&nbsp;
Stemnovate has launched a digital Karyotyping service for researchers and businesses in the animal health sector and emerging new technologies such as cultured meat. The platform provides crucial information concerning the genomic integrity of cultured animal cell lines, including primary cells, stem cells, and differentiated cell types.&nbsp;

&nbsp;
&nbsp;
The resulting pain and inflammation in a pet's mouth can hinder their ability to eat or drink, and the bacteria can enter their bloodstream, causing damage to their kidneys and other vital organs. This underscores the critical need for proactive oral health care for your pet.
&nbsp;
Cats and dogs clean their teeth in the wild by chewing on bones or grass, but domestic pets often lack suitable alternatives. Owners may find it challenging to check their pets' oral health, so we are introducing the most advanced technology to help ensure the oral health of beloved pets. Our advanced technology equip veterinarians and owners to know about the microbes affecting pets. 
&nbsp;
The DEN-OR-KIT is not just a kit; it's a game-changer for your pet's oral health. This user-friendly at-home kit offers a comprehensive and accurate analysis of the microbes in your pet's mouth, allowing you to assess their oral and dental health.
&nbsp;
It utilizes advanced DNA sequencing technology and bioinformatic analysis to rapidly profile the oral microbiome. Our cutting-edge analysis method provides a thorough, unbiased test. It covers a broader range of microbes than the quantitative PCR method. Our next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach will comprehensively identify and report the microbes in the provided samples, giving you the power to take control of your pet's oral health.
&nbsp;
<a href="https://youtu.be/2hO7-VOXmBE?si=oKZEl0io-ebjpY-W" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Discover our Oral health test for animals by clicking the link below. Don&rsquo;t forget to subscribe to our channel and connect with us on social media for the latest updates and insights.</a>

Left unchecked, pets can develop harmful bacteria, debris, and plaque on their teeth from their food. Over time, this can solidify into tartar, leading to gum irritation, gingivitis, and tooth loss.

&nbsp;
Veterinary Tissue Donation
Imagine that your next visit to the vet could be a meaningful step toward reducing animal testing and enhancing animal welfare.

At Stemnovate, we are dedicated to transforming animal health through innovative genetics and a pioneering technology platform. Our strict no-animal-testing policy guarantees a brighter future for animal-friendly research.

&nbsp;
We all wish to have superhero powers to overcome life's challenges. But sometimes superheroes need help too. For example, Thor is a superhero character in Marvel comics and movies, played by Chris Hemsworth. &nbsp;Recently, Chris made a public announcement about his risk of developing Alzheimer's; his grandfather, unfortunately, had Alzheimer's disease <a href="#ref1">1</a>.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
According to WHO, 55 million people live with dementia worldwide. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form contributing to 60-70% of cases, and is one of the significant causes of disability and dependency among older people globally <a href="#ref2">2</a>.
&nbsp;
Alzheimer's disease is a disorder that causes degeneration of the cells in the brain marked by loss of cognitive functioning &mdash; thinking, remembering, and reasoning &mdash; and behavioural abilities to such an extent that it interferes with a person's daily life and activities. The risk of disease increases with ageing, but other factors like genetics, head injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and environmental factors can be contributing factors. Currently, there is no cure for this condition, nor can we prevent or diagnose Alzheimer's at its early stages <a href="#ref3">3</a>.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
We can only develop a treatment by understanding disease progression, so we need reliable disease models.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Our research focuses on understanding the mechanism of Alzheimer, and one target is abnormal tau protein metabolism. Tau is a mature neuron's major microtubule-associated protein (MAP). This protein gets hyperphosphorylated in Alzheimer's and accumulates in the brain <a href="#ref4">4</a>.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
One of the targets for treatment can be clearing these protein accumulations. And for that, we can look into the body's self-cleaning mechanism called autophagy.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
We can only prove our hypothesis if we have blood samples or a tiny skin biopsy from patients with Alzheimer's and other usually aged individuals. Therefore, we aim to obtain these samples under informed consent for this work.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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We use cells from blood or small biopsy to create neurons in the laboratory and test probable drug molecules for developing a treatment.&nbsp;
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Our mission is to develop reliable disease models that researchers use to fast create a cure for this neurodegenerative condition and enable healthy ageing.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
If you are at risk of Alzheimer's or have a family member diagnosed with Alzheimer's and would like to volunteer, please get in touch with our team by emailing <a href="https://stemnovate.co.uk/contact-us">info@stemnovate.co.uk.</a><a href="https://stemnovate.co.uk/contact-us">&nbsp;</a>
&nbsp;
References
<ol>
<li><a class="ref1" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-63668310">&nbsp;https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-63668310</a></li>
<li><a class="ref2" href="2)%20https:/www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia">https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia</a></li>
<li><a class="ref3" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16984-1">Silva, M.C., Nandi, G.A., Tentarelli, S.&nbsp;et al.&nbsp;Prolonged tau clearance and stress vulnerability rescue by pharmacological activation of autophagy in tauopathy neurons.&nbsp;Nat Commun&nbsp;11, 3258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16984-1.</a></li>
<li><a class="ref4" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-022-01084-8">Lee, JH., Yang, DS., Goulbourne, C.N.&nbsp;et al.&nbsp;Faulty autolysosome acidification in Alzheimer's disease mouse models induces autophagic build-up of A&beta; in neurons, yielding senile plaques.&nbsp;Nat Neurosci&nbsp;25, 688&ndash;701 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01084-8Lee, JH., Yang, DS., Goulbourne, C.N.&nbsp;et al.&nbsp;Faulty autolysosome acidification in Alzheimer's disease mouse models induces autophagic build-up of A&beta; in neurons, yielding senile plaques.&nbsp;Nat Neurosci&nbsp;25, 688&ndash;701 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01084-8</a></li>
</ol>
&nbsp;
<a href="https://youtu.be/BVzePsFSTmo?si=kFj_e1Dh_0_sWt8j">Discover our next-generation drug discovery by clicking the link below. Don&rsquo;t forget to subscribe to our channel and connect with us on social media for the latest updates and insights.</a>

<h2>Alzheimer's disease: Volunteers to tackle dementia</h2>
Alzheimer's disease is a brain condition that affects memory and thinking skills leading to dementia
<a title="https://share.hsforms.com/1-kJpsd7jTZaowDvMkWo7YA38yge" href="https://share.hsforms.com/1-kJpsd7jTZaowDvMkWo7YA38yge" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read More</a>

<h2 class="text-white font-weight-bold">&nbsp;</h2>
<h2 class="text-white font-weight-bold">Platform Features</h2>
World&rsquo;s first commercial biobank for renewable liver cells from induced pluripotent stem cells. Multicellular modelling with three major types of liver cells (stellates, Kupffer cells, and endothelial cells) to mimic liver microarchitecture. Robust data platform powered by transcriptomics and genotyping for biomarker discovery. &ldquo;On a chip&rdquo; technology for microphysiological modelling. Patient-derived samples for studying genetic predisposition and treatment response variability.

The absolute number of Chronic Liver Disease cases is 1.5 billion worldwide. According to the FDA, Drug-Induced Liver Injury has been the most frequent single cause of safety-related drug marketing withdrawals in the past 50 years. It is often associated with acute liver failure.

We offer differentiated cardiomyocytes from our biobank. However, we can also reprogram patient-derived samples. Our iPSC-CMs have multiple applications, such as in vitro drug metabolism studies, safety screening in drug discovery, toxicology studies, and cellular therapy development.

Heart disease is a leading cause of death across the world. However, there are only a few ongoing clinical trials. One of the main challenges is the use of traditional testing models. Our differentiation method allows us to generate high quality and high purity cardiomyocytes that target the need for better alternative models.

&nbsp;
Our commitment to this mission is evident in our streamlined approach to data collection, analysis, and interpretation, significantly reducing the time and resources needed for groundbreaking research.
Our comprehensive approach, with a strong focus on thorough genetic evaluations, ensures the highest level of confidence in the quality and reliability of our data. This method facilitates the discovery of new treatments and biomarkers and enables their practical application through patient cell models. These models, which accurately represent the genetic and molecular characteristics of the patient, can be used to test potential treatments and biomarkers, offering a significant step forward in the development of new therapies and biomarkers. This practical application is a testament to the platform's relevance and potential impact on rare disease research and patient care.
&nbsp;
Platform Features
<h3 dir="ltr">&nbsp;</h3>
<h3 dir="ltr">Whole Genome Sequencing</h3>
This technique provides long-read sequencing to analyse complex structural variations (SVs) and point mutations. I
Advantages:
- Analysis using patient cell lines (blood cells, fibroblasts, or tissue samples)
- Sample enrichment for focused gene analysis
- Enhanced coverage for accuracy
&nbsp;
Bioinformatics
At Stemnovate, data analysis utilises advanced tools for Structural Variants and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) detection.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
We meticulously analyse single nucleotide changes within DNA sequences to assess their significance, determining whether they are silent or impact protein structure and related diseases. This detailed analysis process is a testament to the platform&rsquo;s capabilities in understanding the genetic basis of diseases.
&nbsp;
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) present in 1% or more of the population are valuable indicators for disease susceptibility or drug response.&nbsp;
As we streamline the evaluation process, we deepen our understanding of how genetic variations can impact disease progression, making it easier to recognize their significance in this context.
&nbsp;
Structural Variants
&nbsp;
Structural variants (SVs) include copy number variants (CNVs), such as deletions, duplications, insertions, inversions, translocations, mobile element insertions, expansions of repetitive sequences, and complex combinations of these types. SVs contribute more variable nucleotides between human genomes.
&nbsp;
Mitochondrial Single Nucleotide Variants (mtSNVs):
Mitochondrial Single Nucleotide Variants (mtSNVs) are alterations in the mitochondrial DNA sequence. These variants can be inherited or arise de novo and may be linked to various diseases. Analysing mtSNVs involves assessing the frequency of the variant in the patient population, its potential impact on mitochondrial function, and its relationship to disease.
&nbsp;
RNA ANALYSIS
&nbsp;
Transcriptomics
&nbsp;
Stemnovate offers RNA sequencing and quantitative gene expression analysis. It enables the characterization of the transcriptome for gene regulation and the discovery of novel biomarkers through in-depth bioinformatic analysis and computational modelling.
&nbsp;
Functional Mitochondrial Data
Functional mitochondrial data encompasses various methods used to assess mitochondrial function, such as cellular bioenergetics, measuring mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, assessing mitochondrial membrane potential, and monitoring reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.
&nbsp;
The functional data complimenting the multi-omics analysis provides the most comprehensive understanding of diseases and clinical outcome. This is crucial for new drug discovery for developing targeted therapies for mitochondrial diseases including age-related disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
&nbsp;
Metagenomics
We offer sequencing-based analysis for quality assurance and examine the collective genomes of microorganisms found within a sample. This state-of-the-art technology reveals remarkable insights into microbial diversity, identifying various bacteria and viruses. Gaining a deeper understanding of microbial diversity in patient samples is crucial for working safely with human cell models as well as it can be an important tool to understand the role of microbiome in health and diseases.

The Stemnovate Mitochondrial Data Platform, a pioneering tool in the field, is uniquely tailored to expedite research on rare diseases.
&nbsp;
By furnishing a comprehensive and dependable source of multi-omics data, we present a fresh perspective on the role of mitochondria in various health conditions, including rare diseases, neurodegenerative, heart, liver diseases and cancers.

&nbsp;
There is currently no cure, and the condition primarily results from the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons, which causes the associated symptoms.
With the ageing global population, the diagnosis of Parkinson's is becoming more frequent. Notable cases among celebrities include Muhammad Ali, Ozzy Osbourne, Robin Williams, Pope John Paul II, George W. Bush, and Michael J. Fox.
&nbsp;
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), global estimates in 2019 showed that over 8.5 million individuals were living with Parkinson's Disease. These conditions resulted in 5.8 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), an increase of 81% since 2000, and caused 329,000 deaths&mdash;an increase of over 100% since 2000. Parkinson's Disease is one of the significant causes of disability and dependency among older adults worldwide, and the numbers are only rising.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Parkinson's Disease leads to the degeneration of dopamine-producing cells, which play a crucial role in various brain functions, including movement, motivation, reward, and cognition. This degeneration results in a loss of control over functions such as sleep, movement, memory, and reasoning, to the extent that it interferes with a person's daily life and activities. Imagine not being able to remember a loved one's name or struggling to take a step. This is the reality for many living with Parkinson's Disease.
&nbsp;
Stemnovate offers a platform that can study various aspects of disease pathways through multicellular modeling to help develop new treatments. We can only create effective treatments by understanding disease progression, which necessitates reliable disease models. Our projects also extend to Alzheimer's Disease, liver conditions, and mitochondrial diseases. By investigating several aspects of these diseases, we aim to develop new treatments that often fail due to toxicity in the heart and liver.
&nbsp;
We are already generating dopaminergic neurons and several other brain cell types. By creating complex models and supplementing them with multi-omics studies and multicellular functional data, we can accelerate new treatment development while adhering to our core value of reducing animal testing.
&nbsp;
We use cells obtained from blood or small biopsies to create neurons in the laboratory, where we test potential drug molecules for future treatments. Our mission is to develop reliable disease models that researchers can use to rapidly create a cure for this neurodegenerative condition and promote healthy aging.
&nbsp;
If you are at risk for Parkinson's Disease or have a family member diagnosed with it and would like to volunteer, please know that your contribution is invaluable. You are not just a volunteer, you are a crucial part of our team. Please reach out to us by emailing info@stemnovate.co.uk.
&nbsp;

Parkinson&rsquo;s Disease is a degenerative condition that impairs movement and can impact mood and memory.
<a title="https://stemnovate.co.uk/campaign/parkinson's-disease:-volunteer-to-tackle-neurodegeneration" href="https://stemnovate.co.uk/campaign/parkinson's-disease:-volunteer-to-tackle-neurodegeneration" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read More&nbsp;</a>

&nbsp;
It is the most common bilateral corneal dystrophy, arising from a mix of genetic and non-heritable factors. The hallmark features of FECD include the progressive loss of corneal endothelial cells and the formation of focal excrescences known as guttae on the Descemet membrane. These changes lead to increased endothelial dysfunction, resulting in decreased visual acuity and the potential for blindness in later stages (Altamirano et al., 2024).
&nbsp;
It is estimated that 4% to 11% of the adult population over the age of 40 has FECD. CTG18.1 expansions are associated with FECD in diverse populations, including those from Africa, India, Australia, and several East Asian countries. The condition is characterised by the progressive loss of endothelial cells, thickening of the membrane, and the deposition of extracellular matrix. As the number of endothelial cells decreases critically, corneal swelling occurs, leading to vision loss. The clinical progression of FECD typically spans 10 to 20 years, and corneal transplantation remains the only available method to restore vision. In recent decades, genetic studies have identified several genes and chromosomal loci associated with the disease.
&nbsp;
Stemnovate offers a platform to study various aspects of disease pathways through multicellular modelling, aiming to develop new treatments. Our projects, including FECD, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, liver conditions, and mitochondrial diseases, hold the promise of significant breakthroughs. By investigating different aspects of these diseases, we aim to develop new treatments that often fail due to toxicity in clinical trials.
&nbsp;
We are currently generating neurons and several other brain cell types. By creating complex models and supplementing them with multi-omics studies and multicellular functional data, we strive to accelerate new treatment development while adhering to our core value of reducing animal testing.
&nbsp;
Using cells obtained from blood or small biopsies, we aim to create corneal endothelial cells in the laboratory to test potential drug molecules for future treatments. Our mission is to develop reliable disease models that researchers can utilise to quickly find a cure for this condition and promote healthy ageing.
&nbsp;
If you are at risk for FECD or have a family member diagnosed with it and would like to volunteer, please know that your contribution is invaluable. By participating in our research, you are not just a volunteer; you are a crucial part of our team, contributing to the development of new treatments and potentially changing the lives of those affected by FECD.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Please reach out to us by emailing <a style="color: rgb(224, 62, 45);" title="info@stemnovate.co.uk" href="mailto:info@stemnovate.co.uk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">info@stemnovate.co.uk</a>.

Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a progressive disorder that impacts the corneal endothelium. It is a non-inflammatory and bilateral condition, often inherited.&nbsp;
<a title="https://share.hsforms.com/1otTnkiTjT_C0rQd3voJv6A38yge" href="https://share.hsforms.com/1otTnkiTjT_C0rQd3voJv6A38yge" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Volunteer for FECD research</a>

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